Tor Support in Zcash

Tor can be used to provide a layer of network anonymity for Zcash users. Additionally, Zcash users may chose to connect only to Tor hidden services, and also to expose their own Tor hidden service to allow users to connect to them over the Tor network.

0. Install Tor

The easiest way to install Tor is to use the Tor Browser Bundle. For headless installs, you probably want to install the Tor daemon. The Tor Project provides instructions for doing this on common Linux distributions. Note that the Tor Browser Bundle exposes a SOCKS listener on tcp/9150 by default, while the Tor daemon exposes the SOCKS listener on tcp/9050. For the purposes of the example below, we’ll assume that you’re using the Tor daemon and that the SOCKS listener is on tcp/9050.

1. Run zcashd over Tor

Configuring zcashd to use a Tor SOCKS proxy will route all outgoing connections over Tor.

$ zcashd -proxy=127.0.0.1:9050

Yay! Your zcashd node is now leveraging the Tor network to connect to other zcashd nodes. But there’s more fun to be had. By creating a Tor Hidden Service, you can help promote privacy for Zcash users by advertising your node’s .onion address to other Tor Zcash users.

2. Expose your zcashd via a Tor hidden service (optional)

Edit your /etc/tor/torrc (or equivalent config file) to map the hidden service to your zcashd TCP listener. The directory can be whatever you like but the port numbers should be equal to the zcashd p2p listen port (8233 by default). An example is below.

/etc/tor/torrc
 1    ############### This section is just for location-hidden services ###
 2
 3    ## Once you have configured a hidden service, you can look at the
 4    ## contents of the file ".../hidden_service/hostname" for the address
 5    ## to tell people.
 6    ##
 7    ## HiddenServicePort x y:z says to redirect requests on port x to the
 8    ## address y:z.
 9
10    #
11    # Placeholder for when zcashd adds support for Onion v3 addresses
12    #HiddenServiceDir /var/lib/tor/zcash_hidden_service_v3/
13    #HiddenServiceVersion 3
14    #HiddenServicePort 8233 127.0.0.1:8233
15
16    # use the generated v2 Onion hostname until v3 support is complete
17    HiddenServiceDir /var/lib/tor/zcash_hidden_service_v2/
18    HiddenServiceVersion 2
19    HiddenServicePort 8233 127.0.0.1:8233

Note that zcashd does not yet support Onion v3 addresses, but will do so before v2 addresses are removed from Tor. See this issue for more information on what’s required to make zcashd support v3 Onion addresses.

After making these edits to /etc/tor/torrc, restart tor to create the hidden service hostname and keys.

sudo systemctl restart tor

Then set a bash variable to provide your Onion service hostname to zcashd so it can advertise your node to other Tor capable nodes on the Zcash network.

export MY_ONION_HOSTNAME=`sudo cat /var/lib/tor/zcash_hidden_service_v2/hostname`

Now configure the zcashd node to use the Tor proxy, enable the TCP listener (only on localhost), and advertise your onion address so that other nodes on the Zcash network can connect to you over Tor.

zcashd -proxy=127.0.0.1:9050 -externalip=$MY_ONION_HOSTNAME -listen -bind=127.0.0.1 -listenonion=0

zcashd flags used:

  • -proxy=ip:port: sets the proxy server. This must match the port IP and port on which your Tor listener is configured.

  • -externalip=<ip|host>: sets the publicly routable address that zcashd will advertise to other zcash nodes. This can be an IPv4, IPv6 or .onion address. Onion addresses are given preference for advertising and connections. Onionv3 addresses are not yet supported.

  • -listen: Enable listening for incoming connections with this flag; listening is off by default, but is needed in order for Tor to connect to zcashd.

  • -bind=ip: Bind (only) to this IP. Will bind to all interfaces by default if listen=1.

  • -listenonion=<0|1>: Enable or disable autoconfiguration of Tor hidden service via control socket API. Disabled in this example because we manually configured the hidden service in /etc/tor/torrc.

Once your node is up and running, you can use zcash-cli to verify that it is properly connected to other Zcash nodes over the p2p network, and is correctly advertising its Onion address to the network.

zcash-cli getnetworkinfo

{
        "version": 4020050,
        "subversion": "/MagicBean:4.2.0/",
        "protocolversion": 170013,
        "connections": 9,
        "networks": [
                {
                "name": "ipv4",
                "limited": true,
                "reachable": false,
                "proxy": "127.0.0.1:9050",
                "proxy_randomize_credentials": true
                },
                {
                "name": "ipv6",
                "limited": true,
                "reachable": false,
                "proxy": "127.0.0.1:9050",
                "proxy_randomize_credentials": true
                },
                {
                "name": "onion",
                "limited": false,
                "reachable": true,
                "proxy": "127.0.0.1:9050",
                "proxy_randomize_credentials": true
                }
        ],
        "relayfee": 0.00000100,
        "localaddresses": [
                {
                "address": "ynizm2wpla6ec22q.onion",
                "port": 8233,
                "score": 10
                }
        ],
}

3. Dynamically Configure Onion Service (Optional)

Starting with Tor version 0.2.7.1 it is possible, through Tor’s control socket API, to create and destroy ‘ephemeral’ hidden services programmatically. zcashd has been updated to make use of this.

This configuration could be used instead of manually configuring the Onion service as in step 2 above.

If Tor is running (and proper authentication has been configured), zcashd automatically creates a hidden service to listen on. zcashd will also use Tor automatically to connect to other .onion nodes if the control socket can be successfully opened.

This new feature is enabled by default if zcashd is listening (-listen) and requires a Tor connection to work. It can be explicitly disabled with -listenonion=0 and, if not disabled, configured using the -torcontrol and -torpassword settings. To show verbose debugging information, pass -debug=tor.

Connecting to Tor’s control socket API requires one of two authentication methods to be configured:

  1. Cookie authentication, which requires write access to the CookieAuthFile specified in Tor configuration. In some cases, this is preconfigured and the creation of a hidden service is automatic. If permission problems are seen with -debug=tor they can be resolved by adding both the user running tor and the user running zcashd to the same group and setting permissions appropriately. On Debian-based systems the user running zcashd can be added to the debian-tor group, which has the appropriate permissions.

  2. Authentication with the -torpassword flag and a hash-password, which can be enabled and specified in Tor configuration.

On Debian systems, where Tor is installed via APT, you can trivially permit zcashd to connect to the Tor socket by adding the zcash user to the debian-tor group.

sudo usermod -aG debian-tor zcash

When properly configured, this will allow zcashd to automatically connect to the Tor control socket API and configure an ephemeral hidden service.

zcashd -debug=tor

Feb 11 15:26:20.323  INFO main: tor: Got service ID tweustb4j6o3u5x7, advertizing service tweustb4j6o3u5x7.onion:8233
Feb 11 15:26:20.323  DEBUG tor: tor: Cached service private key to /home/zcash/.zcash/onion_private_key
Feb 11 15:26:20.323  INFO main: AddLocal(tweustb4j6o3u5x7.onion:8233,4)
...
Feb 11 15:26:47.565  INFO main: ProcessMessages: advertizing address tweustb4j6o3u5x7.onion:8233

4. Connect to a single Zcash Onion server

This invocation will start zcashd and connect via Tor to a single zcashd onion server.

Launch zcashd as follows:

zcashd -onion=127.0.0.1:9050 -connect=ynizm2wpla6ec22q.onion

  • -onion=ip:port: Use SOCKS5 proxy to reach peers via Tor hidden services. This must match the port IP and port on which your Tor listener is configured.

  • -connect=<hostname|ip>: Connect only to the specified node(s); -noconnect or -connect=0 alone to disable automatic connections

Now use zcash-cli to verify there is only a single peer connection.

zcash-cli getpeerinfo

[
        {
                "id": 1,
                "addr": "ynizm2wpla6ec22q.onion",
                ...
                "version": 170013,
                "subver": "/MagicBean:4.2.0/",
                "inbound": false,
                ...
        }
]

4. Connect to multiple Zcash Onion servers

This invocation will start zcashd, skip DNS seeding, connect via Tor to a multiple zcashd onion servers, and also advertise your Onion server to other Tor capable Zcash nodes.

Launch zcashd as follows:

export MY_ONION_HOSTNAME=`sudo cat /var/lib/tor/zcash_hidden_service_v2/hostname`
zcashd -listen -onion=127.0.0.1:9050 -addnode=ynizm2wpla6ec22q.onion -dnsseed=0 -onlynet=onion -externalip=$MY_ONION_HOSTNAME -bind=127.0.0.1

zcashd flags used:

  • -onion=ip:port: Use SOCKS5 proxy to reach peers via Tor hidden services. This must match the port IP and port on which your Tor listener is configured.

  • -addnode=<host|ip>: Add a node to connect to and attempt to keep the connection open

  • -externalip=<ip|onion>: sets the publicly routable address that zcashd will advertise to other zcash nodes. This can be an IPv4, IPv6 or .onion address. Onion addresses are given preference for advertising and connections. Onionv3 addresses are not yet supported.

  • -listen: Enable listening for incoming connections with this flag; listening is off by default, but is needed in order for Tor to connect to zcashd.

  • -bind=<ip>: Bind (only) to this IP. Will bind to all interfaces by default if listen=1 and bind is not set.

  • -onlynet=<net>: Only connect to nodes in network <net> (ipv4, ipv6 or onion)